Cat (Display File Content)

The cat (conCATenate) command is used to display the contents of a file without opening it. The command can be used to create a new file with redirection of standard output (>). To know more about redirection of standard output, check Chapter 5 Standard Input Output and Redirection .

Display the content of a file

To display the content of a file, use the file path as an argument of the cat command.

For example, if you want to display the content of file_a under your working directory, run the command below.

cat file_a

file_a content

Create and edit a file with the cat command

Before explaining how to create or edit a file with the cat command, let's check how the cat command works without any argument.

When running the cat command without any argument, the cursor moves to the beginning of the line below and the command line waits for your input. After typing some words and hitting the enter key...

ubuntu $ | cat
test test

... you'll see that the command line returns the same text as the one you typed.

ubuntu $ | cat
test test
test test

You stay in the typing mode until you quit it by pressing Ctrl + C or Ctrl + D.

Redirecting standard output

You can redirect the output to a new file or an existing file using the redirection special character (> or >>) followed by the file name.

There are differences between > and >>.
> : overwrite contents
>> : add contents

Note: Redirection and standard output will be explained in Chapter 5 Standard Input Output and Redirection .

1. Create a new file with text content

When you use > followed by a file path with a new file name, you can create a new file. For example, to create a new file named sample_cat.txt under your working directory, run the command below.

cat > sample_cat.txt

After hitting the enter key, you can type multiple lines of text. For example, you can type some lines like shown below.

sample text
sample text
sample text

Quit the typing mode with Ctrl + C. By running the ls command, you can confirm that there is a new file named sample_cat.txt. By running the cat command, you can see that the new file contains the text you typed.

ls

sample_cat.txt

cat sample_cat.txt

sample text
sample text
sample text

2. Add text to an existing file

When you use >> followed by an existing file path, you can add contents to the existing file. For example, to add new text to the sample_cat.txt file, run the command below.

cat >> sample_cat.txt

After hitting the enter key, you can type multiple lines of text. For example, you can type some lines like shown below.

added text
added text

After quitting the typing mode with Ctrl + C and running the cat command, you can confirm that the new lines of text are added to the file.

cat sample_cat.txt

sample text
sample text
sample text
added text
added text

3. Overwrite an existing file

When you use > followed by an existing file path, you can overwrite the content of the file. For example, to overwrite the sample_cat.txt file, run the command below.

cat > sample_cat.txt

After hitting the enter key, you can type multiple lines of text. For example, you can type the lines shown below.

overwrite text
overwrite text

After quitting the typing mode with Ctrl + C and running the cat command, you can confirm that the file was overwritten with the text you typed.

cat sample_cat.txt

overwrite text
overwrite text