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Linux IntroductionChapter 1. Linux Basics

Linux Directory Structure

Linux Directory Structure

Navigating the Linux Directory Structure

It is important to understand a basic Linux directory structure as you may use some of the directories or files already prepared by Linux OS.

The Linux directory structure starts with the root (/) directory. Usually, there are around 10-20 directories under the root directory but the structure can differ by distribution.

As a normal user, usually, you have your own home directory which is created under the home directory. You may need to be careful when you call "home directory", it can be a user's home directory or the directory named home, which is the parent directory of each user's home directory.

Here are the major directories which you may often access when you use Linux OS.

bin: contains essential user binary files
boot: contains files used to boot the system
dev: contains files related to device management
etc: contains system-wide configuration files
lib: contains libraries needed by the essential binary files
root: root user's home directory
sbin: contains essential system administration binary files
srv: contains data for services e.g., website files for a web server
usr: contains users’ applications and files

IdeaNote: Text File and Binary File

In a simplified explanation, there are two types of files – binary files and text files.

Binary files are not human-readable and require a special program or hardware processor that can read the data inside the file.

Text files are human-readable and text line-based files that you can directly edit with text editors.

Text File and Binary File

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Tags:

root directory

Home Directory

Binary File

Text File

Linux Introduction
Course Content

Chapter 1. Linux Basics

What Is OS?

CUI and GUI

Linux Distributions

Package Manager

Kernel and Shell

Current Working Directory

Linux Directory Structure

Absolute Path and Relative Path (Linux OS)

Linux Command Syntax

Special Characters and Escape Character

Chapter 2. Linux Key Commands

Setting Up Linux Environment on AWS

pwd (Print Working Directory)

cd (Change Directory)

ls (List Contents of Directory)

mkdir (Make Directory)

rmdir (Remove Directory)

touch (Create File)

rm (Remove File)

mv (Move File and Directory)

cp (Copy File and Directory)

cat (Display File Content)

sort (Sort File Contents)

grep (Global Regular Expression Print)

Regular Expression

find (Find File and Directory)

Wildcard

ln (Create Link to File and Directory)

Chapter 3. Vim Editor

What Is Vim and How to Launch It?

Normal, Insert and Visual Mode

Normal Mode (1) – Move Cursor

Normal Mode (2) – Delete

Normal Mode (3) – Copy and Paste

Normal Mode (4) – Undo and Redo

Normal Mode (5) – Search Phrase

Normal Mode (6) – Replace Phrase

Normal Mode (7) – Save and Exit

Insert Mode

Visual Mode

Chapter 4. User, Group and Permission

What Are User, Group And Permission in Linux?

Permission (Access Mode) by Owner Status

Superuser (Root User) vs. Normal User

sudo (Run Command with Superuser Privileges)

su (Switch User)

useradd (Add User)

passwd (Set Password)

userdel (Delete User)

Group – Primary Group and Secondary Group

groupadd (Add Group)

usermod (Modify User Account Information)

gpasswd (Add and Delete Users to Group)

groupdel (Delete Group)

chown (Change Owner of File and Directory)

chgrp (Change Group of File and Directory)

chmod (Change Access Mode)

chmod Command with Numbers

w and who (Check Current User Login Status)

id and groups (Check User ID and Group)

getent (Display User and Group Data)

Chapter 5. Redirection, Pipe and Shell Script

Standard Input Output and Redirection

Pipe (Combine Commands)

less (Display Content with Pager)

tr (Replace Characters)

cut (Extract Data Sections)

uniq (Extract Unique Data Lines)

Shell Script

echo (Echo input)

read (Read and Store Input)

Shell Variable and Environmental Variable

source (Execute Shell Script and Refresh Environmental Variables)

Chapter 6. Linux Commands for Command Management

history (Check Command History)

alias (Create Command Shortcuts)

man (Display Manual)

type, which and whereis (Display Command Information)

Package Manager Command

tree (Display Directory Tree)

Chapter 7. SSH Remote Connection

SSH (Secure Shell)

Locate .ssh Directory

SSH Remote Login (1) – Use Key Pair Generated by Server

SSH Remote Login (2) – Use Key Pair Generated by Client

SSH Config File

SSH Remote Login with Visual Studio Code

SCP (Secure Copy Protocol)

SCP with SSH Config File

SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol)

Other File Transfer Commands

Chapter 8. Linux Process Management

Process and Job

Foreground and Background Jobs

jobs and ps (Display Jobs and Processes)

Signals

Create, Stop and Terminate Jobs

Daemon Processes

What Is Service on Linux?

Systemd

Unit File

Systemctl Sub-Commands

Create Custom Unit and Start at Boot

Firewall

UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall)

Web Server

Launch Apache Web Server

Chapter 1. Linux Basics

What Is OS?

CUI and GUI

Linux Distributions

Package Manager

Kernel and Shell

Current Working Directory

Linux Directory Structure

Absolute Path and Relative Path (Linux OS)

Linux Command Syntax

Special Characters and Escape Character

Chapter 2. Linux Key Commands

Setting Up Linux Environment on AWS

pwd (Print Working Directory)

cd (Change Directory)

ls (List Contents of Directory)

mkdir (Make Directory)

rmdir (Remove Directory)

touch (Create File)

rm (Remove File)

mv (Move File and Directory)

cp (Copy File and Directory)

cat (Display File Content)

sort (Sort File Contents)

grep (Global Regular Expression Print)

Regular Expression

find (Find File and Directory)

Wildcard

ln (Create Link to File and Directory)

Chapter 3. Vim Editor

What Is Vim and How to Launch It?

Normal, Insert and Visual Mode

Normal Mode (1) – Move Cursor

Normal Mode (2) – Delete

Normal Mode (3) – Copy and Paste

Normal Mode (4) – Undo and Redo

Normal Mode (5) – Search Phrase

Normal Mode (6) – Replace Phrase

Normal Mode (7) – Save and Exit

Insert Mode

Visual Mode

Chapter 4. User, Group and Permission

What Are User, Group And Permission in Linux?

Permission (Access Mode) by Owner Status

Superuser (Root User) vs. Normal User

sudo (Run Command with Superuser Privileges)

su (Switch User)

useradd (Add User)

passwd (Set Password)

userdel (Delete User)

Group – Primary Group and Secondary Group

groupadd (Add Group)

usermod (Modify User Account Information)

gpasswd (Add and Delete Users to Group)

groupdel (Delete Group)

chown (Change Owner of File and Directory)

chgrp (Change Group of File and Directory)

chmod (Change Access Mode)

chmod Command with Numbers

w and who (Check Current User Login Status)

id and groups (Check User ID and Group)

getent (Display User and Group Data)

Chapter 5. Redirection, Pipe and Shell Script

Standard Input Output and Redirection

Pipe (Combine Commands)

less (Display Content with Pager)

tr (Replace Characters)

cut (Extract Data Sections)

uniq (Extract Unique Data Lines)

Shell Script

echo (Echo input)

read (Read and Store Input)

Shell Variable and Environmental Variable

source (Execute Shell Script and Refresh Environmental Variables)

Chapter 6. Linux Commands for Command Management

history (Check Command History)

alias (Create Command Shortcuts)

man (Display Manual)

type, which and whereis (Display Command Information)

Package Manager Command

tree (Display Directory Tree)

Chapter 7. SSH Remote Connection

SSH (Secure Shell)

Locate .ssh Directory

SSH Remote Login (1) – Use Key Pair Generated by Server

SSH Remote Login (2) – Use Key Pair Generated by Client

SSH Config File

SSH Remote Login with Visual Studio Code

SCP (Secure Copy Protocol)

SCP with SSH Config File

SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol)

Other File Transfer Commands

Chapter 8. Linux Process Management

Process and Job

Foreground and Background Jobs

jobs and ps (Display Jobs and Processes)

Signals

Create, Stop and Terminate Jobs

Daemon Processes

What Is Service on Linux?

Systemd

Unit File

Systemctl Sub-Commands

Create Custom Unit and Start at Boot

Firewall

UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall)

Web Server

Launch Apache Web Server